Institutional Discrimination

Women in the Barracks: The VMI Case and Equal Rights by Philippa Strum,

In June 2001, there was a decidedly new look to the graduating class at Virginia Military Institute. For the first time ever, the line of graduates who received their degrees at the "West Point of the South" included women who had spent four years at VMI. For 150 years, VMI had operated as a revered, state-funded institution -- an amalgam of Southern history, military tradition, institutional discrimination and male bonding rituals -- institutional discrimination and throughout that long history, no one had ever questioned the fact that only males were admitted. Then in 1989 a female applicant complained of discrimination to the Justice Department, which brought suit the following year to integrate women into VMI. Philippa Strum traces the origins of this landmark case back to VMI'S founding, its evolution over fifteen decades, institutional discrimination and through competing notions about women's proper place. Unlike most works on women in military institutions, this one also provides a complete legal history -- from the initial complaint to final resolution in United States v. Virginia -- institutional discrimination and shows how the Supreme Court's ruling against VMI reflected changing societal ideas about gender roles. At the heart of the VMI case was the "rat line": a ritualized form of hazing geared toward instilling male solidarity. VMI claimed that its system of toughening individuals for leadership was even more stringent than military service institutional discrimination and that the system would be destroyed if the Institute were forced to accommodate women. Strum interviewed lawyers from Justice institutional discrimination and VMI, heads of concerned women's groups, institutional discrimination and VMI administrators, faculty, institutional discrimination and cadets to reconstruct the arguments in this important case. She was granted interviews with both Justice Ginsburg, author of themajority opinion, institutional discrimination and Justice Scalia, the lone dissenter on the bench, institutional discrimination and meticulously analyzes both viewpoints.
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